100 links on Graphene & magnetism
- Mark Playne
- Jul 20, 2021
- 39 min read
1. Graphene doped with hydrogen reveals its magnetism
Extract: Hydrogen atoms can induce magnetism in graphene and be used to create a uniform magnetic order across the 1D material. That is the finding of researchers in Spain, France and Egypt, who also demonstrated that it is possible to atomically manipulate hydrogen atoms on graphene to control the local magnetic state.
2. Superparamagnetic nanoparticle delivery of DNA vaccine
Abstract: The efficiency of delivery of DNA vaccines is often relatively low compared to protein vaccines. The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to deliver genes via magnetofection shows promise in improving the efficiency of gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the duration for gene transfection especially for in vitro application can be significantly reduced by magnetofection compared to the time required to achieve high gene transfection with standard protocols. SPIONs that have been rendered stable in physiological conditions can be used as both therapeutic and diagnostic agents due to their unique magnetic characteristics. Valuable features of iron oxide nanoparticles in bioapplications include a tight control over their size distribution, magnetic properties of these particles, and the ability to carry particular biomolecules to specific targets. The internalization and half-life of the particles within the body depend upon the method of synthesis. Numerous synthesis methods have been used to produce magnetic nanoparticles for bioapplications with different sizes and surface charges. The most common method for synthesizing nanometer-sized magnetite Fe3O4 particles in solution is by chemical coprecipitation of iron salts. The coprecipitation method is an effective technique for preparing a stable aqueous dispersions of iron oxide nanoparticles. We describe the production of Fe3O4-based SPIONs with high magnetization values (70 emu/g) under 15 kOe of the applied magnetic field at room temperature, with 0.01 emu/g remanence via a coprecipitation method in the presence of trisodium citrate as a stabilizer. Naked SPIONs often lack sufficient stability, hydrophilicity, and the capacity to be functionalized. In order to overcome these limitations, polycationic polymer was anchored on the surface of freshly prepared SPIONs by a direct electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged SPIONs (due to the presence of carboxylic groups) and the positively charged polymer. Polyethylenimine was chosen to modify the surface of SPIONs to assist the delivery of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells due to the polymer's extensive buffering capacity through the "proton sponge" effect”
3. The EMBO Journal: Is magnetogenetics the new optogenetics?
Extract: Optogenetics has revolutionised neuroscience as it enables investigators to establish causal relationships between neuronal activity and a behavioural outcome in a temporally precise manner. It is a powerful technology, but limited by the necessity to deliver light to the cells of interest, which often requires invasive surgery and a tethered light source. Magnetogenetics aims to overcome these issues by manipulating neurons with magnetic stimuli. As magnetic fields can pass freely through organic tissue, it requires no surgery or tethering the animals to an energy source. In this commentary, we assess the utility of magnetogenetics based on three different approaches: magneto-thermo-genetics; force/torque-based methods; and expression of the iron chaperone ISCA1. Despite some progress, many hurdles need to be overcome if magnetogenetics is to take the helm from optogenetics”
4. Using a smartphone and engineered cells to control diabetes in mice
Medical Xpress—“A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in China has developed a way to combine a smartphone with a glucose monitor and engineered cells to automatically control insulin levels in test mice. In their paper published in the journal Science Translational Medicine the team describes their technique and how well it worked in the mice. Mark Gomelsk with the University of Wyoming offers a Focus piece in the same issue highlighting the work done by the team”
5. The Graphene Flagship values ethics in all aspects of the project, from research topics to societal implications.
Extract: The following three areas are of particular interest, but may change as the Flagship progresses towards higher technology readiness level (TRL):Ethics of biological, health and environmental effects of graphene, and on biomedical and related applications. Any of these might involve in vitro research, small or large animal models, and eventually human interventions.Dual use. While all the research has an exclusively civilian focus, some of the technologies developed might find broader uses. This issue is becoming more important as the Flagship moves to higher TRLs.Responsible research and innovation. Since the Flagship covers a very broad range of topics, it has a wide variety of societal connections.
6. Magnetic Strategies for Nervous System Control
Abstract: Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biological magnetoreception, although incompletely understood, is discussed as a potential source of inspiration. The emergence of magnetic properties in materials is reviewed to clarify the distinction between biomolecules containing transition metals and ferrite nanoparticles that exhibit significant net moments. We describe recent developments in the use of magnetic nanomaterials as transducers converting magnetic stimuli to forms readily perceived by neurons and discuss opportunities for multiplexed and bidirectional control as well as the challenges posed by delivery to the brain. The variety of magnetic field conditions and mechanisms by which they can be coupled to neuronal signaling cascades highlights the desirability of continued interchange between magnetism physics and neurobiology.
7. Stanford physicists discover new quantum trick for graphene: magnetism
Extract: Physicists were stunned when two twisted sheets of graphene showed signs of superconductivity. Now Stanford scientists have shown that the wonder material also generates a type of magnetism once only dreamed of theoretically.
8. Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms
Abstract :Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical applications. Currently, many studies have investigated the biocompatibility and toxicity of GFNs in vivo and in intro. Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies. This review collects studies on the toxic effects of GFNs in several organs and cell models. We also point out that various factors determine the toxicity of GFNs including the lateral size, surface structure, functionalization, charge, impurities, aggregations, and corona effect ect. In addition, several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways. In this review, we summarize the available information on regulating factors and the mechanisms of GFNs toxicity, and propose some challenges and suggestions for further investigations of GFNs, with the aim of completing the toxicology mechanisms, and providing suggestions to improve the biological safety of GFNs and facilitate their wide application.
9. Lentinan-Modified Carbon Nanotubes as an Antigen Delivery System Modulate Immune Response in Vitro and in Vivo
Abstract: Adjuvants enhance immunogenicity and sustain long-term immune responses. As vital components of vaccines, efficient adjuvants are highly desirable. Recent evidence regarding the potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to act as a support material has suggested that certain properties, such as their unique hollow structure, high specific surface area, and chemical stability, make CNTs desirable for a variety of antigen-delivery applications. Lentinan, a β-1,3-glucohexaose with β-1,6-branches that is extracted from the mushroom Lentinus edodes, is an effective immunostimulatory drug that has been clinically used in Japan and China, and recent studies have proved that specific beta-glucans can bind to various immune receptors. In this research, we covalently attached lentinan to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and tested their ability to enhance immune responses as a vaccine delivery system. In vitro study results showed that the nanotube constructs could rapidly enter dendritic cells and carry large amounts of antigen. Moreover, maturation markers were significantly upregulated versus the control. Thus, lentinan-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (L-MWCNTs) were regarded as an effective intracellular antigen depot and a catalyzer that could induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells. Furthermore, compared with L-MWCNTs (35 μg/mL), a corresponding concentration of carboxylic carbon nanotubes (C-MWCNTs, 31.8 μg/mL) and an equivalent concentration of lentinan (3.2 μg/mL) did not remarkably influence the immune reaction in vitro or in vivo. Hence, we can hypothesize that the capability of L-MWCNTs was a consequence of the increased intracellular quantity of lentinan grafted onto the nanotubes. Overall, our studies demonstrated that L-MWCNTs significantly increased antigen accumulation in the cells and potentiated cellular and humoral immunity. In conclusion, L-MWCNTs constitute a potential vaccine delivery system to enhance immunogenicity for therapeutic purposes.
10.Wearing face masks coated in graphene can cause serious lung problems, warns Health Canada
Extract: Wearing face masks could cause catastrophic lung problems, especially if they are the kind coated with graphene. This is despite the fact that advocates of masks and mask mandates believe that wearing them is essential to preventing the Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) from spreading.
11.Polymer Embedded With Metallic Nanoparticles Enables Soft Robotics
Extract “Nanomaterials are increasingly viewed as important ingredients in artificial muscles meant to power different types of robots. Carbon nanotubes have been proposed as well as graphene. Now researchers at North Carolina State University (NCSU), in Raleigh, have developed a technique for embedding nanoparticles of magnetite—an iron oxide—into a polymer so that when the material comes near a magnetic field the polymer moves. The researchers believe that the nanoparticle-studded polymer could lead to a method of remotely controlling so-called “soft robots” whose flexible components allow them to move around in tight spaces in a manner reminiscent of octopodes.”
12.Scientists Flip Switch on Genes With a Magnet
Extract: Matching the brain’s machinery to behaviors and emotions was risky business throughout much of medical history. It was achievable, more or less, only through clumsy techniques such as lobotomies. Examiners who removed chunks of the brain could observe the surgery’s effects, but patients had to live with the results.
13.The Royal Society of Chemistry
“A high impact, peer reviewed journal publishing experimental and theoretical work across the breadth of nanoscience and nanotechnology”
14.Patent: WO2020060606 - CRYPTOCURRENCY SYSTEM USING BODY ACTIVITY DATA
BACKGROUND :”[0001] A virtual currency (also known as a digital currency) is a medium of exchange implemented through the Internet generally, not tied to a specific government-backed “flat” (printed) currency such as the U.S. dollar or the Euro, and typically designed to allow instantaneous transactions and borderless transfer of ownership. One example of virtual currency is cryptocurrency, wherein cryptography is used to secure transactions and to control the creation of new units.
[0002] Several cryptocurrencies exist. Among these, the most well known is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency. Most blockchain-based cryptocurrency is decentralized in the sense that it has no central point of control. However, blockchain-based cryptocurrency can also be implemented in a centralized system having a central point of control over the cryptocurrency. Bitcoin is one of the examples of blockchain-based cryptocurrency. It is described in a 2008 article by Satoshi Nakamoto, named“Bitcoin: “
15.Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) modulate hERG ion channel activity
Abstract: “Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are widely used in various biomedical applications, such as diagnostic agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for drug delivery vehicles and in hyperthermia treatment of tumors. Although the potential benefits of SPIONs are considerable, there is a distinct need to identify any potential cellular damage associated with their use. Since human ether à go-go-related gene (hERG) channel, a protein involved in the repolarization phase of cardiac action potential, is considered one of the main targets in the drug discovery process, we decided to evaluate the effects of SPIONs on hERG channel activity and to determine whether the oxidation state, the dimensions and the coating of nanoparticles (NPs) can influence the interaction with hERG channel. Using patch clamp recordings, we found that SPIONs inhibit hERG current and this effect depends on the coating of NPs. In particular, SPIONs with covalent coating aminopropylphosphonic acid (APPA) have a milder effect on hERG activity. We observed that the time-course of hERG channel modulation by SPIONs is biphasic, with a transient increase (∼20% of the amplitude) occurring within the first 1-3 min of perfusion of NPs, followed by a slower inhibition. Moreover, in the presence of SPIONs, deactivation kinetics accelerated and the activation and inactivation I-V curves were right-shifted, similarly to the effect described for the binding of other divalent metal ions (e.g. Cd2+ and Zn2+). Finally, our data show that a bigger size and the complete oxidation of SPIONs can significantly decrease hERG channel inhibition. Taken together, these results support the view that Fe2+ ions released from magnetite NPs may represent a cardiac risk factor, since they alter hERG gating and these alterations could compromise the cardiac action potential”
16.SARS-CoV-2 Magnetic Beads and Plates
Extract We provide pre-coupled magnetic beads coupled with biotinylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD protein and SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein to streptavidin conjugated magnetic beads, suitable for capturing the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or ACE2 protein from cell or serum samples.
17.Magnetofection™
“Magnetofection™ is a novel, simple and highly efficient method to transfect cells in culture. It exploits magnetic force exerted upon gene vectors associated with magnetic particles to draw the vectors towards, possibly even into, the target cells. In this manner, the full vector dose applied gets concentrated on the cells within a few minutes so that 100% of the cells get in contact with a significant vector dose.”
18.Nano coronavirus recombinant vaccine taking graphene oxide as carrier
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112220919A/en?q=graphene+oxide+vaccine&oq=graphene+oxide+vaccine
Abstract: “The invention belongs to the field of nano materials and biomedicine, and relates to a vaccine, in particular to development of 2019-nCoV coronavirus nuclear recombinant nano vaccine. The invention also comprises a preparation method of the vaccine and application of the vaccine in animal experiments. The new corona vaccine contains graphene oxide, carnosine, CpG and new corona virus RBD; binding carnosine, CpG and neocoronavirus RBD on the backbone of graphene oxide; the CpG coding sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO 1; the novel coronavirus RBD refers to a novel coronavirus protein receptor binding region which can generate a high-titer specific antibody aiming at the RBD in a mouse body, and provides a strong support for prevention and treatment of the novel coronavirus”
19.Preparation and application of pachyman nano adjuvant based on graphene oxide and adjuvant/antigen co-delivery vaccine
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN112089834A/en?q=graphene+oxide+vaccine&oq=graphene+oxide+vaccine
Abstract:”Preparation and application of pachyman nano adjuvant and adjuvant/antigen co-delivery vaccine based on graphene oxide, belonging to the field of medicines. The invention comprises a pachyman nano adjuvant which is formed by taking a nano graphene oxide material as a carrier and pachyman loaded on the carrier, and an adjuvant/antigen co-delivery vaccine formed by the adjuvant and an antigen. The pachyman nanometer adjuvant can promote dendritic cell maturation, enhance lymphocyte function, facilitate drug release, effectively prolong drug effect, prevent immune tolerance, and greatly enhance immune effect and reaction time. The adjuvant/antigen co-delivery vaccine enhances the bioavailability of pachyman and antigen, enables the antigen and the adjuvant to be ingested by the same cell, greatly enhances the targeting property of the vaccine, and can induce not only humoral immunity but also stronger cellular immunity. The invention is used as a novel adjuvant and vaccine, and can be expected to be used for preventing and treating human diseases”
20.STUDY ON THE ELECTROMAGNETISM OF VACCINATED PERSONS IN LUXEMBOURG
Extract: “For the past few months, hundreds of amateur videos have been popping up allover social media featuring people who have visibly become electromagnetic following vaccination. After many questions were raised by a number of our members about this "supposed" electromagnetic effect in vaccinated subjects, our association decided to take a concrete interest in this intriguing subject. This survey, of a purely statistical and sociological nature, on this supposed electromagnetic effect, which is the subject of this report, raises at least three important questions: 1. Is it true that people show an electromagnetic effect after vaccination? 2. If so, is it true that only vaccinated individuals show this effect? 3. What is actually injected into individuals under the qualification of vaccine that causes this effect? To try to answer these questions, the survey was entrusted to Mr. Amar GOUDJIL, treasurer of the association and member in charge of demographic and sociological issues”
21.Targeted Dream Incubation
Extract: “Targeted Dream Incubation is a method for guiding dreams towards specific themes. It is a proposal both magnetic and unlikely: Can we really engineer dreams, our internal worlds that feel so fundamentally out of our control?”
22.Advertising in Dreams is Coming: Now What?
Extract: “Molson Coors recently announced a new kind of advertising campaign. Timed for the days before Super Bowl Sunday, it was designed to infiltrate our dreams [1]. They planned to use "targeted dream incubation" (TDI) [2] to alter the dreams of the nearly 100 million Super Bowl viewers the night before the game”
23.Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Graphene Functionalized with Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Healthcare Applications
Abstract: Graphene has attracted wide consideration in recent years to the assembly of sensitive sensors and biosensors due to its unique and remarkable physical and electrochemical properties. Moreover, graphene, as an essential two-dimensional carbon material with remarkably high quartz and electronic superiority, has also received significant research attention. This review presents the different synthesis techniques of graphene; graphene functionalized based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various health care appellations. Further, were discussed on the basis of enhanced catalytic activity, improved detection limit in conjunction with sensitivity, and selectivity. Synergistic action of graphene and metal oxide nanostructure has contributed towards high activity as a biosensing material. The results with different sensors and biosensors for the detection of significant biomarkers such as protein sensor, electrochemical immune sensor, phytochrome sensor, cholesterol biosensor glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide detection sensor etc., and highlighted the use of graphene and functionalized graphene in different sensing platforms. Finally, the challenges related to less aggregated graphene-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors as well as future research directions are discussed.
24.MAGNETISM INTENTIONALLY ADDED TO ‘VACCINE’ TO FORCE MRNA THROUGH ENTIRE BODY + PDF INSTRUCTION MANUAL
25.Magnetofection: Magic magnetic nanoparticles for efficient gene delivery
Abstract: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have become a research hotspot and widely used in the biomedical field in recent decades due to their unique magnetic properties. This minireview summarizes the specific gene transfection of magnetic particles (magnetofection) during eversy dynamic process of gene delivery (gene binding, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, intracellular trafficking and in vivo targeting). Meanwhile, the synergistic biomedical application of magnetofection and the effects of MNPs have also been discussed, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic mediated hyperthermia (MMH), Fenton reaction and autophagy. Finally, the clinical prospect of magnetofection was briefly expected.
26.Magnetofection
Extract: Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing nucleic acid and in-utero samples to the target cells of the body.[1] This method attempts to unite the advantages of the biochemical (cationic lipids or polymer atoms) and physical (electroporation, gene gun) transfection methods in one system while excluding their inconveniences (low efficiency, toxicity)
27.MRNA: A COMPLETE GUIDELINE
Extract: RNA therapeutics is booming and the mRNA field is generating huge expectations. Although microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), self-amplifying RNA (sa RNA) and genome editing systems containing RNA components like guide RNA (gRNA), represent useful tools in research and clinics.
28.Helix-IN Transfection Reagent
Extract: Helix-IN™ DNA Transfection Reagent opens up new possibilities for addressing issues of classical transfection technologies. OZ Biosciences revolutionizes Polyfection with the design of Helix-IN™, a novel patented Cationic Hydroxylated Amphiphilic Multi-block Polymer (CHAMP™ Technology). This novel bi-functional co-polymer is biocompatible, ionizable, pH responsive and biodegradable.
29.Magnetogenetics
Extract: “Magnetogenetics refers to a biological technique that involves the use of magnetic fields to remotely control cell activity.
In most cases, magnetic stimulation is transformed into either force (magneto-mechanical genetics) or heat (magneto-thermal genetics), which depends on the applied magnetic field. Therefore, cells are usually genetically modified to express ion channels that are either mechanically or thermally gated. As such, magnetogenetics is a cellular modulation method that uses a combination of techniques from magnetism and genetics to control activities of individual cells in living tissue – even within freely moving animals.”
30.La Quinta Columna explains how graphene multiplies frequencies and damages cells, and how reducing agents help to control that damage
Extract: La Quinta Columna is slowly getting closer to the studies they need to prove their hypothesis about the relationship between graphene and 5G and how this combination would contribute to damage people who have the nanomaterial in their bodies.
31.La Quinta Columna discusses a study on the properties of graphene and their link with EMF
Extract: La Quinta Columna explains how graphene multiplies frequencies and damages cells, and how reducing agents help to control that damage (part 2)
32.La Quinta Columna on Neuromodulation and Brain Dysfunction Tsunami
Extract: La Quinta Columna explaining more about the tsunami of neurological dysfunctions announced by the globalist media, dysfunctions derived from the damage caused by graphene oxide and electromagnetic frequencies in the GHz range.
33.La Quinta Columna: Graphene Oxide toxicity causes Erectile Dysfunction and Sperm Toxicity
Extract : Many men have reported experiencing erectile dysfunction after being vaccinated. This side effect is directly related to low zinc levels produced by the presence of graphene oxide in the body.
34.La Quinta Columna: Zinc helps raise glutathione levels and glutathione helps degrade graphene oxide
ExtractLa Quinta Columna research on how to detoxify graphene in the body. The team already mentioned that N-acetylcysteine and glutathione certainly work to degrade graphene, but today they talked about a very readily available supplement: zinc.
35.La Quinta Columna comments on the mysterious patent that attempts to normalize the use of graphene oxide as a carrier in vaccines
Extract: La Quinta Columna addresses the patent that appeared in Google Patents on the use of graphene oxide as a carrier in vaccines.
36.Potentially false patent on the use of graphene oxide as a carrier in vaccines appears a few hours ago
37.Dr. Luis Marcelo Martínez talks about the toxicity of graphene and scientific literature with false publication dates
Extract: The interview covered topics such as the non-existence of the Spike protein and the presence of graphene and other nano-components that should not be in a vaccine.
38.Dr. Luis Marcelo Martínez: 'The Spike protein is nothing more than graphene inside your body and spiking you'
Extract :Dr. Martinez explains that the pandemic must be treated from an engineering point of view and not only from a health point of view since it was discovered that vaccines contain graphene oxide, but experts in the area of electromagnetism must also be brought in to understand how to deal with what we are experiencing
39.BREAKING: La Quinta Columna shares photos of graphene oxide detected in AstraZeneca vaccination vial
Extract: Photos of graphene oxide in AstraZeneca's vaccination vial.
40.Observation of magnetic domains in graphene magnetized by controlling temperature, strain and magnetic field
Abstract:Since the production of ferromagnetic graphene as an extremely important matter in spintronics has made a revolution in future technology, a great deal of efforts has recently been done to reach a simple and cost-effective method. Up to now, controlling the magnetic properties at extremely low temperature have been investigated only by adding and removing atoms in graphene lattice. In this regard, the effect of strain on the magnetic and electronic properties of graphene has been probed. Here, the ferromagnetic properties are what have been created by strain, magnetic field, and temperature along with observation of the parallel magnetic domains in ferromagnetic graphene for the first time as a great achievement. In this way, we have represented the following: First, introducing three novel methods based on temperature, magnetic field, and strain for producing ferromagnetic graphene; Second, obtaining ferromagnetic graphene at room temperature by significant magnetization saturation in mass-scale; Third, probing the electronic systems and vibrational modes by Raman and IR spectroscopy; Fourth, introducing stacking and aggregation as two types of gathering process for graphene sheets; Fifth, comparing the results with leidenfrost effect-based method which the temperature, magnetic fields, and strain are simultaneously applied to graphene flakes (our previous work).
41.Interfacing Graphene-Based Materials With Neural Cells
Extract: The scientific community has witnessed an exponential increase in the applications of graphene and graphene-based materials in a wide range of fields, from engineering to electronics to biotechnologies and biomedical applications. For what concerns neuroscience, the interest raised by these materials is two-fold. On one side, nanosheets made of graphene or graphene derivatives (graphene oxide, or its reduced form) can be used as carriers for drug delivery. Here, an important aspect is to evaluate their toxicity, which strongly depends on flake composition, chemical functionalization and dimensions. On the other side, graphene can be exploited as a substrate for tissue engineering. In this case, conductivity is probably the most relevant amongst the various properties of the different graphene materials, as it may allow to instruct and interrogate neural networks, as well as to drive neural growth and differentiation, which holds a great potential in regenerative medicine. In this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the accomplishments and new challenges of the field, as well as which in our view are the most exciting directions to take in the immediate future. These include the need to engineer multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) able to cross the blood-brain-barrier to reach neural cells, and to achieve on-demand delivery of specific drugs. We describe the state-of-the-art in the use of graphene materials to engineer three-dimensional scaffolds to drive neuronal growth and regeneration in vivo, and the possibility of using graphene as a component of hybrid composites/multi-layer organic electronics devices. Last but not least, we address the need of an accurate theoretical modeling of the interface between graphene and biological material, by modeling the interaction of graphene with proteins and cell membranes at the nanoscale, and describing the physical mechanism(s) of charge transfer by which the various graphene materials can influence the excitability and physiology of neural cells.
42.Europe Has Invested €1 Billion Into Graphene—But For What?
Extract: Six years into an ambitious 10-year research project, experts weigh in on whether the Graphene Flagship can help the “wonder material” make it through the Valley of Death.
43.Effect of radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices on mercury release from amalgam restorations
Background: Dental amalgam is composed of approximately 50% elemental mercury. Despite concerns over the toxicity of mercury, amalgam is still the most widely used restorative material. Wi-Fi is a rapidly using local area wireless computer networking technology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the effect of exposure to Wi-Fi signals on mercury release from amalgam restorations.
44.Magnetic Drug Targeting: A Novel Treatment for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors
Abstract: Most applications of nanotechnology in cancer have focused on systemic delivery of cytotoxic drugs. Systemic delivery relies on accumulation of nanoparticles in a target tissue through enhanced permeability of leaky vasculature and retention effect of poor lymphatic drainage to increase the therapeutic index. Systemic delivery is limited, however, by toxicity and difficulty crossing natural obstructions, like the blood spine barrier. Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) is a new technique to reach tumors of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a novel therapeutic approach for high-grade intramedullary spinal cord tumors using magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). Using biocompatible compounds to form a superparamagnetic carrier and magnetism as a physical stimulus, MNP-conjugated with doxorubicin were successfully localized to a xenografted tumor in a rat model. This study demonstrates proof-of-concept that MDT may provide a novel technique for effective, concentrated delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to intramedullary spinal cord tumors without the toxicity of systemic administration.
45.Could Magnetic Hydrogel Explain the COVID Vax Magnet Phenomenon?
Extract: Is magnetic hydrogel the cause, given the recent studies showing it can be magnetically activated and remotely controlled via the Smart Grid? Or are there other explanations involving metallic nanoparticles?
Extract: We are no longer talking about simply cutting and pasting DNA but actually being able to program the specific nucleotide code that goes into a cell,” says Timothy Lu, associate member of the Broad Institute and director of the Synthetic Biology Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This reprogramming lies at the heart of the relatively new and rapidly expanding field of synthetic biology, which is allowing scientists to begin developing, simulating, testing, and building cells for a range of applications.
47.Exploring Biodigital Convergence
Extract: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Canadians and policy makers began to understand that the digital age was upon us. Early movers seized opportunities, grappled with challenges, and initiated deft policies that have provided benefits for decades. We continue to see the powerful effects of digitization, and more are surely to come. But we may be on the cusp of another disruption of similar magnitude. Digital technologies and biological systems are beginning to combine and merge in ways that could be profoundly disruptive to our assumptions about society, the economy, and our bodies. We call this the biodigital convergence.
48.The First Self-Powering Nano-Device That Can Also Transmit Wireless Data
Extract: Scientists working with DARPA and Department of Energy backing have cracked the code on a kind of technological milestone, for the first time developing a nano-device capable of powering itself by harvesting energy from vibrations while at the same time transmitting data wirelessly over long distances. That kind of technology could have huge implications for devices ranging from surveillance implements to airborne sensors to implantable medical devices.
49.Transhumanism: Expert exposes liberal billionaire elitists’ ‘Great Reset’ agenda
Extract: The COVID-19 pandemic was manufactured by the world’s elites as part of a plan to globally advance “transhumanism” — literally, the fusion of human beings with technology in an attempt to alter human nature itself and create a superhuman being and an “earthly paradise,” according to a Peruvian academic and expert in technology.
50.Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Nanoparticle- Enchanced Microwave Hyperthermia
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate microwave heating enhancements offered by iron/iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed within tissue-mimicking media for improving efficacy of microwave thermal therapy
51.From Magneto-Dielectric Biocomposite Films to Microstrip Antenna Devices
Abstract: Magneto-dielectric composites are interesting advanced materials principally due to their potential applications in electronic fields, such as in microstrip antennas substrates.
52.Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) -2010 study
Abstract :Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are being widely used for various biomedical applications, for example, magnetic resonance imaging, targeted delivery of drugs or genes, and in hyperthermia. Although, the potential benefits of SPION are considerable, there is a distinct need to identify any potential cellular damage associated with these nanoparticles. Besides focussing on cytotoxicity, the most commonly used determinant of toxicity as a result of exposure to SPION, this review also mentions the importance of studying the subtle cellular alterations in the form of DNA damage and oxidative stress. We review current studies and discuss how SPION, with or without different surface coating, may cause cellular perturbations including modulation of actin cytoskeleton, alteration in gene expression profiles, disturbance in iron homeostasis and altered cellular responses such as activation of signalling pathways and impairment of cell cycle regulation. The importance of proteinSPION interaction and various safety considerations relating to SPION exposure are also addressed.
53.Biogenic metallic elements in the human brain?
Abstract:The chemistry of copper and iron plays a critical role in normal brain function. A variety of enzymes and proteins containing positively charged Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ control key processes, catalyzing oxidative metabolism and neurotransmitter and neuropeptide production. Here, we report the discovery of elemental (zero–oxidation state) metallic Cu0 accompanying ferromagnetic elemental Fe0 in the human brain. These nanoscale biometal deposits were identified within amyloid plaque cores isolated from Alzheimer’s disease subjects, using synchrotron x-ray spectromicroscopy. The surfaces of nanodeposits of metallic copper and iron are highly reactive, with distinctly different chemical and magnetic properties from their predominant oxide counterparts. The discovery of metals in their elemental form in the brain raises new questions regarding their generation and their role in neurochemistry, neurobiology, and the etiology of neurodegenerative disease.
54.SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD-coupled Magnetic Beads
Background: The pre-coupled magnetic beads coupled with biotinylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD protein to streptavidin conjugated magnetic beads, which can capture the Anti- SARS-CoV-2 antibody or ACE2 protein from cell or serum sample. The beads are in uniform size, narrow size distribution with large surface area and unique surface coating, which can help you get the best performance and highly reproducible results. This very first SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein RBD-coupled magnetic beads will bring great convenience with minimum non-specific binding and developed protocols. This ready to use products could greatly save your time and hassle.
55.MAGNETS STICKING TO THE VACCINATED MAY BE SOMETHING MUCH WORSE THAN PEOPLE REALIZE! GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ‘MAGNETO’ PROTEIN REMOTELY CONTROLS BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Biodistribution and clearance of magnetoelectric nanoparticles for nanomedical applications using energy dispersive spectroscopy
Abstract: Aim: The biodistribution and clearance of magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENs) in a mouse model was studied through electron energy dispersive spectroscopy.
56.The Magnetoelectric Nanoparticle
Abstract: To enable patient- and disease-specific diagnostic and treatment at the intracellular level in real time, it is imperative to engineer a perfect way to locally stimulate selected individual neurons, navigate and dispense a cargo of biomolecules into damaged cells or image sites with relatively high efficacy and with adequate spatial and temporal resolutions. Significant progress has been made using biotechnology; especially with the development of bioinformatics, there are endless molecular databases to identify biomolecules to target almost any disease-specific biomarker. Conversely, the technobiology approach that exploits advanced engineering to control underlying molecular mechanisms to recover biosystem’s energy states at the molecular level as well as at the level of the entire network of cells (i.e., the internet of the human body) is still in its early research stage. The recently developed magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) provide a tool to enable the unique capabilities of technobiology. Using exemplary studies that could potentially lead to future pinpoint treatment and prevention of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and HIV, this article discusses how MENPs could become a vital enabling tool of technobiology.
57.Manipulative magnetic nanomedicine: the future of COVID-19 pandemic/endemic therapy
Extract: Nanobiotechnology is emerging very promising to investigate novel methodologies for managing COVID-19 pandemic/endemic successfully [2,5]. In this direction, experts have explored the opto-electro-magnetic nanosystem to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus using a biosensing approach. Such optical, electrical, or magnetic biosensors function based on geno-sensing and immune-sensing has detected the SARS-CoV-2 virus selectively at a very low level [7,8]. These efficient-miniaturized biosensors can be operated using a smartphone and promoted for clinical application for early-stage diagnostics of COVID-19 infection.
58.HOW NANOBOTS WILL HELP IN VACCINE DELIVERY & DEVELOPMENT
Extract: Nanobots in the vaccine are so far one of the best methods for vaccination, because of its precise, accurate, target-specific and Fast-acting properties
59.LUCIFERASE CHAIN REACTION TO ID2020
60.Magnetofection
61.Chapter 8 - Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Abstract:This book chapter deals with biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). In view of achieving proper control of particle size, shape, crystallinity, polydispersity, and finally the magnetic property, attention has to be paid to characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages of common synthesis routes. Furthermore, proper surface functionalizations of IONPs with regard to their possible biomedical applications will be explained in detail. The second main focus is placed on several examples of biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. Due to their unique features, it will be shown that they are adapted for a broad range of task fields. This creates very promising prospects for their further use especially in the treatment of diseases. To conclude, it will be outlined that although there are many publications stating the effectiveness of magnetic nanoparticles, data about biocompatibility and especially toxicology have yet to be collected in an appropriate manner.
62.Cell Transfection
Abstract:Transfection is a process of introducing nucleic acid into eukaryotic cells using various chemical or physical methods. Transduction is another popular transfection technology that uses viral vectors to deliver foreign genes. In the past decade, transfection technologies have evolved tremendously, for stable clone generation, therapeutic protein production, viral vaccines and gene therapy application. The transfection work was initially limited to small-scale operations.
Operation of suspension cultures and the removal of serum from the medium for transfection were major improvements that made it possible to advance this technology to large-scale operations. PEI–DNA condensation method has been preferred among the researchers to further the advancement of transfection technology. Transient cell transfection technology is a powerful tool to deliver sufficient quantities of recombinant human therapeutic proteins in a cost-effective manner within a couple of weeks. In addition, progress in large-scale transfection technology has been successfully implemented in efficient manufacturing of viral vectors for gene therapy.
63.Chapter 9 - Tissue Engineering Using Magnetite Nanoparticles
Extract: The major advantage of magnetic manipulation is “remote control.” Magnetic labeling of cells with magnetic nanoparticles enables the manipulation of cells and also the control of cell functions by applying an external magnetic field. “Functional” magnetite nanoparticles were developed for cell manipulation using magnetic force, and the magnetite nanoparticles were applied to tissue-engineering processes, which are designated as magnetic force-based tissue engineering (Mag-TE). This chapter reviews recent progress in Mag-TE techniques, and the principles and utilities of the applications are discussed. This review covers three topics of magnetic cell manipulation using magnetite nanoparticles, including a magnetic force-based gene transfer technique (magnetofection), magnetic cell patterning using functional magnetite nanoparticles and micro-patterned magnetic field gradient concentrators, and finally applications for fabrication of tissue-like constructs in skin, liver, and muscle tissue engineering.
64.Chapter 11 - Viral and Nonviral Vectors for In Vivo and Ex Vivo Gene Therapies
Abstract: Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids for treatment of genetic diseases into patient’s cells. They might be either expressed as proteins, interfere with the expression of proteins, or possibly even correct genetic mutations. But this may be approached by two different ways: (1) ex vivo, which is when cells are modified outside the body and then transplanted back again. Cells from the patient’s blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory to be genetically modified by different molecular biology techniques on a dish. This also involves the so-called cell therapy which is now widely used. (2) But also gene therapy could be approached by in vivo therapy, in which the gene is transferred into the cells inside the patient's body. However, an efficient transfer of the genetic material into a cell is necessary to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The therapeutic molecule is packaged into vehicles called vectors, but the “vector” is used to carry the nucleic acid inside the cells within the body, facilitating the transfer of genetic information into a cell. The simplest way to perform gene therapy involves the use of therapeutic naked DNA that encodes a functional gene to replace a mutated version of the defective gene. In most cases, a relatively large piece of genetic material (>1 kb) is required which includes the promoter sequences that activate the expression of the gene, the coding sequences that direct the production of a specific protein, and signaling sequences that direct RNA processing such as polyadenylation. In this way, no vector would be required but the efficiency of this methodology was demonstrated to be low. Vectors can be divided into viral and nonviral delivery systems. The two major methods are those that use biological nanoparticles (mainly recombinant viruses or also called viral vectors, although recently exosomes are taking a place among the biological vectors for genetic transfer) and those that use chemical nanoparticles on DNA complexes or naked DNA (nonviral methods). In this chapter, we will review both categories and their applications in clinical trials.
65.Chapter One - Nonviral Vectors: We Have Come a Long Way
Abstract: Gene therapy, once thought to be the future of medicine, has reached the beginning stages of exponential growth. Many types of diseases are now being studied and treated in clinical trials through various gene delivery vectors. It appears that the future is here, and gene therapy is just beginning to revolutionize the way patients are treated. However, as promising as these ongoing treatments and clinical trials are, there are many more barriers and challenges that need to be addressed and understood in order to continue this positive growth. Our knowledge of these challenging factors such as gene uptake and expression should be expanded in order to improve existing delivery systems. This chapter will provide a brief overview on recent advances in the field of nonviral vectors for gene therapy as well as point out some novel vectors that have assisted in the extraordinary growth of nonviral gene therapy as we know it today.
66.9 - Fabrication and development of magnetic particles for gene therapy
Abstract: Nanotechnology plays a major role in modern disease diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic particles made up of metal oxides have become a major tool in modern medical treatment strategies, due to their theranostic applications. In particular, polymer-coated magnetic particles are a current interest of researchers in the fields of bio-nanomedicine and fundamental biomaterials. The most important characteristics of these particles are the ability to perform both diagnosis and therapy in a single formulation that would otherwise be impossible with conventional formulations that have only one therapeutic application. Theranostic magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated or coated with a polymer exhibit imaging properties in response to external stimuli, while polymer coatings can also efficiently bind various therapeutic cargo (e.g.,
67.Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as cancer therapeutics
Abstract: A prerequisite for the therapeutic application of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) as anticancer agents is the development of effective delivery systems. Lipid- and polymer-based vehicles have been exploited to facilitate the intracellular delivery of siRNAs. In this chapter, the current status of anticancer siRNA therapeutics is covered, with an emphasis on various delivery technologies.
68.Gene Delivery Using Physical Methods
Summary: This chapter focuses on the delivery of DNA by various physical methods such as electroporation (EP), sonoporation, microinjection, particle bombardment (gene gun), and hydrodynamic injection with the application of external physical force (pressure, sound, shock wave, and electric pulses for efficient gene transfer inside organs and cells. The chapter discusses the methods for achieving higher gene transfection at the desired site than those achieved with nonphysical methods of administering a similar dose of DNA. The chapter provides an overview of the principles, techniques, protocols, and applications of these physical methods of gene delivery and their advantages and limitations, in terms of the kinetics and efficiency of gene delivery, toxicity profile of delivery, in vivo feasibility of the method, and targeting ability. The comparison among various physical, chemical, and biological nonviral systems for DNA delivery with their advantages and disadvantages is explained.
69.Chapter 10 - Gene therapy approaches in central nervous system regenerative medicine
Abstract:This chapter introduces the use of gene therapy strategies as therapeutic approaches for regenerative medicine of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It starts by defining gene therapy and its potential, followed by a general description of the most used vectors in clinical assays as well as their relative advantages and disadvantages. Then, there is a section describing the main vectors used in preclinical and clinical assays in CNS, their tropisms and the recommended administration routes to achieve restricted or widespread vector distribution, or to target specific cell types. Finally, there is a summary of neurodegenerative diseases currently treated by gene therapy strategies, the success and pitfalls reported at present.
70.Genetically engineered 'Magneto' protein remotely controls brain and behaviour
Extract: Researchers in the United States have developed a new method for controlling the brain circuits associated with complex animal behaviours, using genetic engineering to create a magnetised protein that activates specific groups of nerve cells from a distance.
71.Magnetic graphene oxide: Synthesis approaches, physicochemical characteristics, and biomedical applications
Abstract: Magnetic graphene oxide, a compound of magnetic nanoparticles and graphene oxide, possesses distinct physical and chemical characteristics, including nano size, a large specific surface area, paramagnetic and biocompatible properties, making it a promising biomaterial in the field of biomedicine. In particular, its excellent characteristics, including the integration of specific photothermal properties, magnetic thermal properties, paramagnetism, active chemical bonds, hydrophilicity, and low cytotoxicity, have been applied to remarkable bio-applications in bioimaging, biosensors, biochemical extraction and separation, stem cell regulation and the induction of differentiation, targeted drug delivery, and cancer therapy. In this review, we concentrate on the approaches of preparation, fundamental structures, biocompatibility, and the biomedical applications of magnetic graphene oxide composites.
72.Reaction between Graphene Oxide and Intracellular Glutathione Affects Cell Viability and Proliferation
Abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) is currently developed for biomedical applications as a promising nanoplatform for drug delivery, phototherapy, and biosensing. As a consequence, its safety and cytotoxicity issues have attracted extensive attention. It has been demonstrated that GO causes an increase of intracellular oxidative stress, likely leading to its cytotoxicity and inhibition of cell proliferation. Being one of the main reductive intracellular substances, glutathione (GSH) is vital in the regulation of the oxidative stress level to maintain normal cellular functions. In this study, we found that GSH could be oxidized to GSSG by GO, leading to the formation of reduced GO (rGO). GSH depletion affects the intracellular reductive/oxidative balance, provoking the increase of the reactive oxygen species level, sequentially inhibiting cell viability and proliferation. Therefore, the reaction between GO and GSH provides a new perspective to explain the origin of GO cytotoxicity.
73.Disabling parts of the brain with magnets can weaken faith in God and change attitudes to immigrants, study finds
74.Iron overload by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles is a High Risk Factor in Cirrhosis by a Systems Toxicology As Assessment
Abstract: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a contrast agent have been widely used in magnetic resonance imaging for tumor diagnosis and theranostics. However, there has been safety concern of SPIONs with cirrhosis related to excess iron-induced oxidative stress. In this study, the impact of iron overload by SPIONs was assessed on a mouse cirrhosis model. A single dose of SPION injection at 0.5 or 5 mg Fe/kg in the cirrhosis group induced a septic shock response at 24 h with elevated serum levels of liver and kidney function markers and extended impacts over 14 days including high levels of serum cholesterols and persistent low serum iron level. In contrast, full restoration of liver functions was found in the normal group with the same dosages over time. Analysis with PCR array of the toxicity pathways revealed the high dose of SPIONs induced significant expression changes of a distinct subset of genes in the cirrhosis liver. All these results suggested that excess iron of the high dose of SPIONs might be a risk factor for cirrhosis because of the marked impacts of elevated lipid metabolism, disruption of iron homeostasis and possibly, aggravated loss of liver functions
75.Confessions of an Engineered Nanoparticle
76.Big Pharma Injecting Graphene Oxide As Adjuvant In COVID Jabs!
Magnetofection the new gene transfection technology – a novel, simple and highly efficient method to transfect cells in culture –PDF document
78.Insights into the mechanism of magnetofection using MNPs-PEI/pDNA/free PEI magnetofectins
Abstract:Magnetofection is an efficient new physical gene transfection technology. Despite its effective gene delivery capability, till now relatively little work has been conducted on the mechanism of magnetofection, especially the intracellular fates of the components of magnetofectins and their effects on magnetofection. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of magnetofection using magnetofectins that were prepared via electrostatic self-assembly of the three components: polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs-PEI), plasmid DNA (pDNA) and PEI in the free form (free PEI). TEM observation and agarose gel electrophoresis assays have indicated MNPs play the role of driving magnetofectins to the cell surface without entering into the nucleus. Confocal microscopic tracking of fluorescence-labeled PEI has shown that the free PEI (green) can be found in the nucleus but almost all of the MNPs-PEI (red) are confined in the cytoplasm in COS-7 cells 30 min post-transfection or in SPC-A1 cells 90 min post-transfection, implying that the pDNA/PEI complex must separate from MNPs-PEI before entering into the nucleus. In addition, reporter gene assays showed the magnetofectins, in which the free PEI was absent, failed to transfect SPC-A1 or COS-7 cell lines; and there was an optimal ratio of the constituents of magnectofectins to achieve optimal transfection efficiency by balancing stable complex formation and facile release of PEI/pDNA from the complex. In summary, our findings further the knowledge of magnetofection and can be helpful for the design and preparation of gene delivery vehicles for effective magnetofection.
79.Genetically magnetic control of neural system via TRPV4 activation with magnetic nanoparticles
Abstract: In recent years, various kinds of nanomaterials based invasive or non-invasive deep neural stimulation tools are developed for modulating neural system and illuminating the relationship between neural circuits and specific behaviors. For better modulation of neural system and clinical application, the neural stimulation nanotools should be optimized. In this work, we demonstrated a novel non-invasive neural modulation approach relying on magnetic field, which is realized by modifying magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with anti-His antibody and inserting His-tag at specific position of TRPV4 to target the activation of TRPV4 ion channel. The activated TRPV4 ion channel could induce the calcium influx by in vitro calcium imaging assay in cultured neurons. This study showed that this approach can improve the calcium transient compared with unmodified MNPs. Furthermore, this approach was confirmed in freely moving mice presenting valid magnetic control of rotation around the body-axis and freezing of gait. This work demonstrates that TRPV4 ion channel can be activated by MNPs based nanotool, which provides a new alternative way for achieving magnetic stimulation in deep-brain circuits. This work also can serve as a useful validation study for magnetogenetics.
80.Exploring Biodigital Convergence
What happens when biology and digital technology merge?
81.ACROBiosystems SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Spike protein RBD-coupled magnetic beads
Manufacturer: ACROBiosystems MBSK00210MG
Kits;10MG;The Antigen pre-Coupled magnetic beads are Coupled with Biotinylated protein onto streptavidin (SA) magnetic beads. Because Streptavidin (SA) has an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin with a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of 10-14 mol/L, the Biotinylated protein can bind to the SA beads irreversibly. We provide the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein RBD coupled magnetic beads, which could help you to capture the antibody or ACE-2 protein, and easily to follow up with other tests, such as immunocapture, biopanning and flow cytometry.;Immobilized 40 μg SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD to 1mg Beads, can bind the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Antibody with an EC50 of 0.8887 μg/mL (QC tested).;Immobilized 40 μg SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD to 1mg Beads, can bind the Human ACE2, Fc Tag (AC2-H5257) with an EC50 of 1.008 μg/mL (QC tested).
82.Role of Metallic Nanoparticles in Vaccinology: Implications for Infectious Disease Vaccine Development
Extract: Subunit vaccines are safer but less immunogenic than live-attenuated vaccines or whole cell inactivated vaccines. Adjuvants are used to enhance and modulate antigen (Ag) immunogenicity, aiming to induce a protective and long-lasting immune response. Several molecules and formulations have been studied for their adjuvanticity, but only seven have been approved to formulate human vaccines. Metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs), particularly those containing gold and iron oxides, are widely used in medicine for diagnosis and therapy and have been used as carriers for drugs and vaccines. However, little is known about the immune response elicited by MeNPs or about their importance in the development of new vaccines. There is evidence that these particles display adjuvant characteristics, promoting cell recruitment, antigen-presenting cell activation, cytokine production, and inducing a humoral immune response. This review focuses on the characteristics of MeNPs that could facilitate the induction of a cellular immune response, particularly T-helper 1 and T-helper 17, and their potential functions as adjuvants for subunit vaccines.
83.The Cyrus A Parsa Lawsuit
“The lawsuit is being filed on the behalf of the Worlds people by Cyrus A Parsa and The AI Organization on pure altruistic reasons to prevent harm to the worlds citizens, from his data sourced from investigating over 1,000 AI, Robotics, Bio-Engineering, 5G, Bio-Metric, and Big Tech Companies, including 500 Chinese Companies, compressed in the book Artificial Intelligence Dangers to Humanity”
84.Magnetogenetics: remote non-invasive magnetic activation of neuronal activity with a magnetoreceptor
“Our newly invented magnetogenetics has several unique advantages over the decade-long still being optimized optogenetics: Magnetogenetics is noninvasive, remote, penetrative, uniform, and safe. Compared to the optic fiber used in optogenetics [16] and the electric wire assembled in deep-brain stimulation [40], there is no need for chronic surgical implantation of any invasive devices since the external magnetic fields can penetrate deeply into the intact mammalian brain or other biological systems”
85.Patent Application Publication -Rothschild et al
A method is provided for using at least self - reporting and biometric data to determine a current state of a user . The method includes receiving first biometric data of the user ( e.g. , using a camera on a mobile device ) at a first period of time and self - reporting data shortly thereafter , where the first biometric data comprises at least changes in the user's pupil in response to first visuals ( e.g. , a series of different light intensities , etc. ) ( e.g. , provided using a display on the mobile device ) and the self - reporting data comprises a state of the user , where the self - reporting data is linked to the first biometric data . The method further includes receiving sec ond biometric data at a second time and using the same , along with at least the first biometric data and self - reporting data , to determine ( e.g. , via AI , manually , etc. ) a state of the user at the second period of time.
86.MAGNETOGENETICS, CO-FINANCED BY DARPA, GATES, ROCKEFELLERS, ZUCKERBERG! ISN’T THIS WHY VAXXERS TURN INTO FRIDGE DOORS AND MAGNETS STICK ON THEM?!
87.Biocompatible N-acetyl cysteine reduces graphene oxide and persists at the surface as a green radical scavenger
Abstract: We demonstrate that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) reduces graphene oxide (GO) at room temperature. This represents a new green method to produce reduced GO (rGO). NAC adheres to the rGO surface as demonstrated by several spectroscopy techniques and avoids GO-mediated oxidation of glutathione. This method offers new opportunities for the production of green biocompatible rGO and NAC-based therapies.
88.Improving Magnetofection of Magnetic Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles into MG-63 Osteoblasts Using a Novel Uniform Magnetic Field
Abstract:This study aimed to improve the magnetofection of MG-63 osteoblasts by integrating the use of a novel uniform magnetic field with low molecular weight polyethylenimine modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEI-SPIO-NPs). The excellent characteristics of PEI-SPIO-NPs such as size, zeta potential, the pDNA binding and protective ability were determined to be suitable for gene delivery. The novel uniform magnetic field enabled polyethylenimine-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/pDNA complexes (PEI-SPIO-NPs/pDNA complexes) to rapidly and uniformly distribute on the surface of MG-63 cells, averting local transfection and decreasing disruption of the membrane caused by the centralization of positively charged PEI-SPIO-NPs, thereby increasing the effective coverage of magnetic gene carriers during transfection, and improving magnetofection efficiency. This innovative uniform magnetic field can be used to determine the optimal amount between PEI-SPIO-NPs and pDNA, as well as screen for the optimal formulation design of magnetic gene carrier under the homogenous conditions. Most importantly, the novel uniform magnetic field facilitates the transfection of PEI-SPIO-NPs/pDNA into osteoblasts, thereby providing a novel approach for the targeted delivery of therapeutic genes to osteosarcoma tissues as well as a reference for the treatment of other tumors.
89.Remotely controlled chemomagnetic modulation of targeted neural circuits
Abstract: Connecting neural circuit output to behaviour can be facilitated by the precise chemical manipulation of specific cell populations1,2. Engineered receptors exclusively activated by designer small molecules enable manipulation of specific neural pathways3,4. However, their application to studies of behaviour has thus far been hampered by a trade-off between the low temporal resolution of systemic injection versus the invasiveness of implanted cannulae or infusion pumps2. Here, we developed a remotely controlled chemomagnetic modulation—a nanomaterials-based technique that permits the pharmacological interrogation of targeted neural populations in freely moving subjects. The heat dissipated by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the presence of alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) triggers small-molecule release from thermally sensitive lipid vesicles with a 20 s latency. Coupled with the chemogenetic activation of engineered receptors, this technique permits the control of specific neurons with temporal and spatial precision. The delivery of chemomagnetic particles to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) allows the remote modulation of motivated behaviour in mice. Furthermore, this chemomagnetic approach activates endogenous circuits by enabling the regulated release of receptor ligands. Applied to an endogenous dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) agonist in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain area involved in mediating social interactions, chemomagnetic modulation increases sociability in mice. By offering a temporally precise control of specified ligand–receptor interactions in neurons, this approach may facilitate molecular neuroscience studies in behaving organisms.
90.Scientists Developed Magnetic Nanoparticles that can Remotely Modulate Neural Circuits
Extract: A team of MIT scientists has constructed a type of heat-sensitive, magnetic nanoparticle that can deliver chemical stimulants deep into brain tissues and release them on demand, providing a new means to remotely modulate the behaviors of test subjects.Liposomal particles are tiny bubble-like structures often consisting of phospholipids bilayers. Due to their biocompatibility, ability to entrap a variety of small and large molecules, and versatility to adopt a wide range of physicochemical and biological properties, liposomes are a popular carrier in biomedical science, capable of delivering anything from plasmid DNA for gene editing, to cytotoxic chemo-agents in cancer therapy.
91.Genetically targeted magnetic control of the nervous system
Abstract: Optogenetic and chemogenetic actuators are critical for deconstructing the neural correlates of behavior. However, these tools have several limitations, including invasive modes of stimulation or slow on/off kinetics. We have overcome these disadvantages by synthesizing a single-component, magnetically sensitive actuator, "Magneto," comprising the cation channel TRPV4 fused to the paramagnetic protein ferritin. We validated noninvasive magnetic control over neuronal activity by demonstrating remote stimulation of cells using in vitro calcium imaging assays, electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, in vivo electrophysiological recordings in the brains of freely moving mice, and behavioral outputs in zebrafish and mice. As proof of concept, we used Magneto to delineate a causal role of striatal dopamine receptor 1 neurons in mediating reward behavior in mice. Together our results present Magneto as an actuator capable of remotely controlling circuits associated with complex animal behaviors.
92.TRPV4 is the temperature-sensitive ion channel of human sperm
Abstract: Ion channels control the ability of human sperm to fertilize the egg by triggering hyperactivated motility, which is regulated by membrane potential, intracellular pH, and cytosolic calcium. Previous studies unraveled three essential ion channels that regulate these parameters: (1) the Ca2+ channel CatSper, (2) the K+ channel KSper, and (3) the H+ channel Hv1. However, the molecular identity of the sperm Na+ conductance that mediates initial membrane depolarization and, thus, triggers downstream signaling events is yet to be defined. Here, we functionally characterize DSper, the Depolarizing Channel of Sperm, as the temperature-activated channel TRPV4. It is functionally expressed at both mRNA and protein levels, while other temperature-sensitive TRPV channels are not functional in human sperm. DSper currents are activated by warm temperatures and mediate cation conductance, that shares a pharmacological profile reminiscent of TRPV4. Together, these results suggest that TRPV4 activation triggers initial membrane depolarization, facilitating both CatSper and Hv1 gating and, consequently, sperm hyperactivation.
93.Chapter 11Fertility and TRP Channels
Extract: Since their discovery in late 1970, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been implicated in a variety of cellular and physiological functions (Minke, 2010). The superfamily of TRP channels consists of nearly 30 members that are organized into seven major subgroups based on their specific function and sequence similarities (Owsianik et al., 2006; Ramsey et al., 2006). With the exception of TRPN channels that are only found in invertebrates and fish, mammalian genomes contain representatives of all six subfamilies: (1)TRPV (vanilloid); (2) TRPC (canonical); (3) TRPM (melastatin); (4) TRPA (ankyrin); (5) TRPML (mucolipin); and (6) TRPP (polycystin). TRP channels play crucial regulatory roles in many physiological processes, including those associated with reproductive tissues. As calcium-permeable cation channels that respond to a variety of signals (Clapham et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2010), TRP channels exert their role as sensory detectors in both male and female gametes, and play regulatory functions in germ cell development and maturation. Recent evidence obtained from Caenorhabditis elegans studies point to the importance of these proteins during fertilization where certain sperm TRP channels could migrate from a spermatozoon into an egg to ensure successful fertilization and embryo development. In this chapter we discuss how TRP channels can regulate both female and male fertility in different species and their specific roles.
94.Biomedical
Graphene's unique properties allow for ground-breaking biomedical applications. Targeted drug delivery; improved brain penetration; DIY health-testing kits and 'smart' implants.
95.Selective activation of mechanosensitive ion channels using magnetic particles
Abstract: This study reports the preliminary development of a novel magnetic particle-based technique that permits the application of highly localized mechanical forces directly to specific regions of an ion-channel structure. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to directly and selectively activate a mechanosensitive ion channel of interest, namely TREK-1. It is shown that manipulation of particles targeted against the extended extracellular loop region of TREK-1 leads to changes in whole-cell currents consistent with changes in TREK-1 activity. Responses were absent when particles were coated with RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide or when magnetic fields were applied in the absence of magnetic particles. It is concluded that changes in whole-cell current are the result of direct force application to the extracellular loop region of TREK-1 and thus these results implicate this region of the channel structure in mechano-gating. It is hypothesized that the extended loop region of TREK-1 may act as a tension spring that acts to regulate sensitivity to mechanical forces, in a nature similar to that described for MscL. The development of a technique that permits the direct manipulation of mechanosensitive ion channels in real time without the need for pharmacological drugs has huge potential benefits not only for basic biological research of ion-channel gating mechanisms, but also potentially as a tool for the treatment of human diseases caused by ion-channel dysfunction.
96.Magnetogenetics: remote non-invasive magnetic activation of neuronal activity with a magnetoreceptor (2015)
Abstract:Current neuromodulation techniques such as optogenetics and deep-brain stimulation are transforming basic and translational neuroscience. These two neuromodulation approaches are, however, invasive since surgical implantation of an optical fiber or wire electrode is required. Here, we have invented a non-invasive magnetogenetics that combines the genetic targeting of a magnetoreceptor with remote magnetic stimulation. The non-invasive activation of neurons was achieved by neuronal expression of an exogenous magnetoreceptor, an iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein 1 (Isca1). In HEK-293 cells and cultured hippocampal neurons expressing this magnetoreceptor, application of an external magnetic field resulted in membrane depolarization and calcium influx in a reproducible and reversible manner, as indicated by the ultrasensitive fluorescent calcium indicator GCaMP6s. Moreover, the magnetogenetic control of neuronal activity might be dependent on the direction of the magnetic field and exhibits on-response and off-response patterns for the external magnetic field applied. The activation of this magnetoreceptor can depolarize neurons and elicit trains of action potentials, which can be triggered repetitively with a remote magnetic field in whole-cell patch-clamp recording. In transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing this magnetoreceptor in myo-3-specific muscle cells or mec-4-specific neurons, application of the external magnetic field triggered muscle contraction and withdrawal behavior of the worms, indicative of magnet-dependent activation of muscle cells and touch receptor neurons, respectively. The advantages of magnetogenetics over optogenetics are its exclusive non-invasive, deep penetration, long-term continuous dosing, unlimited accessibility, spatial uniformity and relative safety. Like optogenetics that has gone through decade-long improvements, magnetogenetics, with continuous modification and maturation, will reshape the current landscape of neuromodulation toolboxes and will have a broad range of applications to basic and translational neuroscience as well as other biological sciences. We envision a new age of magnetogenetics is coming.
97.Engineered protein crystals make cells magnetic
Summary: If scientists could give living cells magnetic properties, they could perhaps manipulate cellular activities with external magnetic fields. But previous attempts to magnetize cells by producing iron-containing proteins inside them have resulted in only weak magnetic forces. Now, researchers have engineered genetically encoded protein crystals that can generate magnetic forces many times stronger than those already reported.
98.Manipulative magnetic nanomedicine: the future of COVID-19 pandemic/endemic therapy
Extract : Nanobiotechnology is emerging very promising to investigate novel methodologies for managing COVID-19 pandemic/endemic successfully [2,5]. In this direction, experts have explored the opto-electro-magnetic nanosystem to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus using a biosensing approach. Such optical, electrical, or magnetic biosensors function based on geno-sensing and immune-sensing has detected the SARS-CoV-2 virus selectively at a very low level [7,8]. These efficient-miniaturized biosensors can be operated using a smartphone and promoted for clinical application for early-stage diagnostics of COVID-19 infection.
99.NHS calls for ban on toy neodymium magnets amid child safety fears
100. Could Magnetic Hydrogel Explain the COVID Vax Magnet Phenomenon?
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